This interactive table accompanies the scoping review titled “Scoping Review of Eye-Tracking Studies on Usability of Interactive Geovisualisations” and provides an accessible overview of the 87 peer-reviewed studies included in the review. Each entry summarises a study's focus, methods, task types, and participant characteristics, along with expert-assigned relevance ratings across four thematic dimensions: usability evaluation, interactivity, geovisualisation, and eye‑tracking.
The goal of this tool is to enable researchers, designers, and practitioners to explore the current state of empirical evidence in this interdisciplinary domain. The table supports filtering and sorting to help users identify studies aligned with their interests—whether by methodological approach, visualisation type, or research objective.
This table forms part of a systematic review conducted using the PRISMA-ScR methodology and highlights key trends and research gaps in the evaluation of interactive cartographic interfaces using eye-tracking methods. For a deeper synthesis and discussion, including identified limitations and recommendations for future research, please refer to the full article (DOI link will be added upon publication).
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Click on any record to view the details. Showing 87 out of 87 records
| Study & Article Title | Experiment | Participants | Usability | Interactivity | Geovis | Eye Tracking | Main Methods | Experiment Design | Eye-tracking Device | Eval. Software |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alam et al. (2017) analysing Eye-Tracking Information in Visualization and Data Space: From Where on the Screen to What on the Screen | Yes | 9 | eye-tracking | Within-subjects design | Tobii EyeX | Custom object-detection library integrated with D3.js visualizations | ||||
Almahmoud et al. (2017) Visual Exploration Patterns in Information Visualizations: Insights from Eye Tracking | Yes | 23 | Eye-tracking combined with retrospective think-aloud protocol | Within-subjects design | Tobii X120 | Tobii Studio V 3.4 | ||||
Anagnostopoulos et al. (2017) Gaze-Informed location-based services | Yes | 5 | Eye-tracking integrated with computer vision techniques for real-time gaze-to-object mapping in outdoor environments | Proof-of-concept experiment and performance evaluation | SMI Eye Tracking Glasses v.1.84 | Custom implementation using OpenCV for feature extraction and matching | ||||
Bartling et al. (2019) A multi-national human–computer interaction evaluation of the public participatory GIS GeoCitizen | Yes | 73 | Eye-tracking combined with a qualitative survey and observational analysis Usability metrics evaluated: effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction | Between-subjects design | Not specified | Not specified | ||||
Bartling et al. (2021) Evaluating PPGIS Usability in a Multi-National Field Study Combining Qualitative Surveys and Eye-Tracking | Yes | 73 | Eye-tracking combined with a qualitative survey, observational analysis, and think-aloud protocol Usability metrics evaluated: effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction | Between-subjects design | Dikablis Professional Eye-Tracker | D-Lab 3 | ||||
Bekele (2019) Walkable Mixed Reality Map as interaction interface for Virtual Heritage | Yes | NaN | User Interaction Analysis Observational analysis and qualitative feedback | Proof-of-concept implementation and evaluation with user observations | Not applicable | Not specified | ||||
Bertel et al. (2017) Spatial knowledge acquired from pedestrian urban navigation systems | Yes | 28 | Eye-tracking User experience evaluation Spatial knowledge tests | Within-subjects design | SMI Glasses 2.0 | Not specified | ||||
Bianconi et al. (2022) IMMERSIVE VISUAL EXPERIENCE FOR WAYFINDING ANALYSIS | Yes | NaN | Eye-tracking EEG and GSR Immersive Virtual Reality with interactive scenarios | Within-subjects design | Not specified | Unity for VR environment and data collection Grasshopper for spatial discretization and data export Muse2 for EEG data collection +1 more | ||||
Blascheck et al. (2016a) VA2: A Visual Analytics Approach for // Evaluating Visual Analytics Applications | Yes | 16 | Eye-tracking Interaction Logs Thinking Aloud Protocols +1 more | Within-subjects design | Tobii T60 XL | Custom Visual Analytics Tool for synchronizing and analysing eye-tracking, interaction, and verbal data Tobii Studio for eye-tracking data collection and processing | ||||
Blascheck et al. (2016b) Triangulating User Behavior Using Eye Movement, Interaction, and Think Aloud Data | Yes | 16 | Eye-tracking Interaction Logs Thinking Aloud Protocols +1 more | Within-subjects design | Tobii T60 XL | Custom Visual Analytics Tool for synchronizing and analysing eye-tracking, interaction, and verbal data Tobii Studio for eye-tracking data collection and processing Levenshtein Distance and Needleman-Wunsch Algorithm for comparing scanpaths and temporal sequences | ||||
Bogucka and Jahnke (2018) Feasibility of the Space-Time Cube in Temporal Cultural Landscape Visualization | Yes | 21 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Comparative Analysis +1 more | Between-subjects design | Gazepoint Eye-Tracking Systém | Gazepoint Analysis for eye-tracking data collection and analysis Cesium 1.34 for interactive geospatial visualization | ||||
Brady et al. (2018) Usability of MyFireWatch for non-expert users measured by eyetracking | Yes | 16 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Comparative Analysis +1 more | Between-subjects design | Tobii T-120 Eye-Tracking Monitor | Tobii Studio for eye-tracking data collection and processing Opacity plots and gaze plots for visualising areas of interest and gaze behaviour | ||||
Brock et al. (2014) Interactivity Improves Usability of Geographic Maps for Visually Impaired People | Yes | 24 | Usability Testing Comparative Analysis Cognitive Testing | Within-subjects design | Not applicable | Not specified | ||||
Buddeberg et al. (2017) Interactive shearing for terrain visualization: an expert study | Yes | 49 | Usability Testing Comparative Analysis Expert Survey and Interviews | Expert study with qualitative feedback and parameter adjustment | Not applicable | Not specified | ||||
Burch (2018) Visual Analysis of Eye Movement Data with Fixation Distance Plots | Yes | NaN | Eye-tracking Fixation Distance Plots Visual Analytics | Exploratory data analysis with interactive visual analytics | Not specified | Custom Visual Analytics Tool for fixation distance plots and interactive exploration | ||||
Burch (2019) Interaction Graphs: Visual Analysis of Eye Movement Data from Interactive Stimuli | Yes | NaN | Eye-tracking Interaction Graphs Visual Analytics | Exploratory data analysis using visual analytics | Not specified | Custom Visual Analytics Tool for interaction graphs and state-transition analysis Graph Visualisation Libraries for node-link diagrams and adjacency matrices | ||||
Burch et al. (2021) The Power of Linked Eye Movement Data Visualizations | Yes | 10 | Eye-tracking Linked Visualizations Visual Analytics +1 more | Within-subjects design | Not specified | Web-based Visualization Tool implemented using React and D3.js Multiple Linked Views: 2D Density Plot, Scanpath Visualization, Bee Swarm, and Scarf Plot | ||||
Çöltekin et al. (2009) Evaluating the Effectiveness of Interactive Map Interface Designs: A Case Study Integrating Usability Metrics with Eye-Movement Analysis | Yes | 30 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Comparative Analysis +1 more | Mixed factorial design | Tobii X120 | Tobii Studio for eye-tracking data collection and processing Morae usability software for delivering SUS survey and usability metrics | ||||
Coltekin et al. (2016) GAZE AND FEET AS ADDITIONAL INPUT MODALITIES FOR INTERACTING WITH GEOSPATIAL INTERFACES | Yes | 16 | Eye-tracking Foot Input Usability Testing +1 more | Within-subjects factorial design | Tobii Eye Tracker | Tobii SDK 2.0 for gaze data processing Google Earth Plug-in for geographic visualization Custom Visual Analytics Tool for integrating gaze and foot input | ||||
Cybulski and Horbinski (2020) User Experience in Using Graphical User Interfaces of Web Maps | Yes | 40 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Comparative Analysis +1 more | Between-subjects design | Tobii X2-60 | Tobii Studio 3.4 for eye-tracking data collection and processing Leaflet.js for implementing web maps and GUI interactions | ||||
De Cock et al. (2020) Google Indoor Maps or Google Indoor No Maps? Usability Study of an Adapted Mobile Indoor Wayfinding Aid | Yes | 33 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Comparative Analysis +1 more | Within-subjects design | SMI ETG 2.1 Mobile Eye-Tracking Glasses | BeGaze Software for eye-tracking data analysis Unity for 3D simulations of indoor environments MQTT Protocol for real-time data transmission between smartphone and UWB positioning systém | ||||
De Cock et al. (2022) Linking the cognitive load induced by route instruction types and building configuration during indoor route guidance, a usability study in VR | Yes | 32 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Comparative Analysis +1 more | Within-subjects design | HTC Vive Pro Eye with integrated Tobii eye tracker | Unity for VR simulation and data logging BeGaze Software for eye-tracking data analysis Isovist.org for space syntax analysis | ||||
de Mendonça and Delazari (2012) Remote Evaluation of the Execution of Spatial Analysis Tasks with Interactive Web Maps: A Functional and Quantitative Approach | Yes | 302 | Usability Testing Remote Evaluation Quantitative Statistical Analysis +1 more | Between-subjects design | Not applicable | OpenLayers for interactive web map implementation PostgreSQL/PostGIS for spatial database management Geoserver for map server functionalities +1 more | ||||
de Mendonça and Delazari (2014) Testing Subjective Preference and Map Use Performance: Use of Web Maps for Decision Making in the Public Health Sector | Yes | 269 | Usability Testing Subjective Preference Analysis Comparative Analysis +1 more | Between-subjects design | Not applicable | HTML/PHP Interface for data collection Manual Statistical Analysis using Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and Fisher’s LSD test | ||||
Dedkova and Popelka (2015) Virtual 3D restoration of an extinct village and its eye-tracking assessment | Yes | 28 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Comparative Analysis +1 more | Within-subjects design | SMI RED 250 | BeGaze Software for eye-tracking data analysis FlowMap for visualizing fixation transitions and spatio-temporal aggregation | ||||
Demšar and Çöltekin (2017) Quantifying gaze and mouse interactions on spatial visual interfaces with a new movement analytics methodology | Yes | 11 | Eye-tracking Mouse Tracking Volumetric Spatio-Temporal Analysis +1 more | Within-subject factorial design | Tobii TX300 | Tobii Studio for gaze data collection and processing Custom Visual Analytics Tool for volumetric analysis and dynamic interaction measure R and MATLAB for computational analysis | ||||
Deng et al. (2023) An Experimental Study on Web Interface Design Optimization Based on User Cognitive Load | Yes | 12 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Comparative Analysis +1 more | Within-subjects design | Tobii Pro Glasses 2 | Tobii Studio for eye-tracking data analysis BeGaze Software for visual attention mapping and heatmap generation | ||||
Dobesova (2020) Evaluation of effective cognition for the QGIS processing modeler | Yes | 22 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Comparative Analysis +1 more | Within-subjects design | SMI RED 250 | SMI Experiment Suite 360° for data collection BeGaze Software for eye-tracking data analysis Ogama 4.5 and V-Analytics for visualizing fixation transitions and spatio-temporal aggregation +1 more | ||||
Dong et al. (2012) Effectiveness and Efficiency of Map Symbols for Dynamic Geographic Information Visualization | Yes | 50 | Usability Testing Comparative Analysis Quantitative Measures | Within-subjects design | Not applicable | Custom Dynamic Mapping System developed using JavaScript and Flash Statistical Analysis of response times and accuracy deviations | ||||
Dong et al. (2018) Using Eye Tracking to Evaluate the Usability of Flow Maps | Yes | 40 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Comparative Analysis +1 more | Between-subjects design | Tobii T120 | Tobii Studio 3.2 for eye-tracking data analysis Gaze opacity maps for visualizing areas of interest and gaze patterns | ||||
Fairbairn and Hepburn (2023) Eye-tracking in map use, map user and map usability research: what are we looking for? | No | NaN | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Comparative Analysis +1 more | Not applicable | Not specified | Not specified | ||||
Giannopoulos et al. (2015) Gaze nav: Gaze-based pedestrian navigation | Yes | 32 | Eye-tracking Gaze-based Interaction Usability Testing +1 more | Between-subjects design | Ergoneers Dikablis | Unity Game Engine ESRI CityEngine Custom GazeNav Application | ||||
Göbel and Kiefer (2019) POITrack: Improving Map-Based Planning with Implicit POI Tracking | Yes | 12 | Eye-tracking Gaze-Adaptive Interface Usability Testing +1 more | Between-subjects design | Tobii TX 300 | Tobii Studio for eye-tracking data analysis Custom POITrack System for implicit POI tracking and adaptive visualization Mapbox GL JS for web map rendering and POI visualization | ||||
Göbel et al. (2016) The importance of visual attention for adaptive interfaces | No | NaN | Eye-tracking Gaze-Based Interaction Usability Framework Development +1 more | Not applicable | Not specified | Not specified | ||||
Göbel et al. (2019) FeaturEyeTrack: automatic matching of eye tracking data with map features on interactive maps | Yes | 5 | Eye-tracking FeaturEyeTrack Framework Comparative Analysis +1 more | Within-subjects design | Tobii TX 300 | FeaturEyeTrack System for automatic gaze-feature matching Tobii Studio for eye-tracking data collection Mapbox GL JS for rendering interactive maps and vector tiles | ||||
Golebiowska et al. (2016) For your eyes only? Evaluating a coordinated and multiple views tool with a map, a parallel coordinated plot and a table using an eye-tracking approach | Yes | 29 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Comparative Analysis +2 more | Within-subjects design | SMI RED500 | SMI Experiment Suite 360° for data collection BeGaze Software for eye-tracking data analysis ClustalG Software for sequence alignment analysis +1 more | ||||
Golebiowska et al. (2020) Breaking the Eyes: How Do Users Get Started with a Coordinated and Multiple View Geovisualisation Tool? | Yes | 29 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Interaction Logs +1 more | Within-subjects design | SMI RED500 | SMI Experiment Suite 360° for data collection BeGaze Software for eye-tracking data analysis ELAN 3.7.2 for synchronizing eye-gaze recordings with video recordings of verbalizations | ||||
Herman at al. (2017) Eye-tracking Analysis of Interactive 3D Geovisualisation | Yes | 20 | Eye-tracking 3DgazeR Framework Comparative Analysis +1 more | Within-subjects design | SMI RED 250 and EyeTribe Tracker | 3DgazeR System for calculating 3D gaze coordinates OGAMA for eye-tracking data collection and fixation detection QGIS and ArcScene for visualization and geospatial analysis +1 more | ||||
Horbinski et al. (2020) Graphic Design and Button Placement for Mobile Map Applications | Yes | 100 | Usability Testing Comparative Analysis Online Survey +1 more | Between-subjects design | Not applicable | Web-based Survey Platform for collecting user preferences Manual Analysis for comparing button designs and placements | ||||
Hsiao at al. (2021) A method for the analysis of the interaction between users and objects in 3D navigational space | Yes | 16 | Eye-tracking 3D Object Attention Heat Map Computational Visual Attention Model +1 more | Within-subjects design | Gazepoint GP3 and HTC Vive | Lightweight Java Game Library 3 for object rendering and navigation 3D Object Attention Heat Map System for gaze data visualization Gaussian Filter for smoothing gaze data and reducing noise +1 more | ||||
Chen and Jin (2017) Statistical modeling for visualization evaluation through data fusion | Yes | 15 | Eye-tracking EEG Mouse Motion Tracking +2 more | Within-subjects design | SMI REDn Remote Eye Tracker | ABM B-Alert X10 for EEG data collection SMI Experiment Suite 360° for eye-tracking data collection Custom Logging System for mouse tracking and user interactions +1 more | ||||
Choi et al. (2024) WEB-BASED 3D HEATMAP VISUALIZATION OF SPATIAL COGNITION USING EEG AND EYE TRACKING DATA | Yes | NaN | Eye-tracking EEG 3D Heatmap Visualization +1 more | Within-subjects design | Tobii Glasses 2 | OpenBCI's 8-channel board tool for EEG data collection Cesium for 3D heatmap visualization and spatial cognition analysis MNE-Python for EEG data processing and power spectral density analysis +1 more | ||||
Juřík et al. (2016) COGNITIVE ASPECTS OF COLLABORATION IN 3D VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS | No | NaN | 3D Virtual Environment Interaction Usability Testing Collaborative Task Analysis +1 more | Not applicable | Not specified | Not specified | ||||
Keskin and Kettunen (2023) Potential of eye-tracking for interactive geovisual exploration aided by machine learning | No | NaN | Eye-tracking Machine Learning Gaze-Aware Interactive Map System +1 more | Not applicable | Not specified | Not specified | ||||
Kiefer et al. (2013) Using eye movements to recognize activities on cartographic maps | Yes | 17 | Eye-tracking Activity Recognition classifier to recognize six different map activities) Gaze-Based Assistance +1 more | Within-subjects design | SMI Head-Mounted Eye Tracking Glasses | SMI Experiment Suite for eye-tracking data collection LibSVM Package for training and validating the SVM classifier Custom Software Framework for experimental control and stimulus presentation | ||||
Kiefer et al. (2017) Eye tracking for spatial research: Cognition, computation, challenges | No | NaN | Eye-tracking Gaze-Based Interaction Literature Review +1 more | Not applicable | Not specified | Not specified | ||||
Krassanakis and Cybulski (2019) A review on eye movement analysis in map reading process: the status of the last decade | No | NaN | Literature Review Comparative Analysis Cognitive Process Analysis +1 more | Not applicable | Not specified | Not specified | ||||
Kudelka and Dobesova (2015) EYE-TRACKING TESTING OF GIS INTERFACES | Yes | 30 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Comparative Analysis +1 more | Within-subjects design | SMI RED 250 | SMI Experiment Suite for eye-tracking data collection SMI BeGaze for AOI analysis and interactive stimulus recording | ||||
Kwok et al. (2019) Gaze-Guided Narratives: Adapting Audio Guide Content to Gaze in Virtual and Real Environments | Yes | 60+16 | Eye-tracking Gaze-Guided Narratives Usability Testing +1 more | Controlled Lab Study: Within-subjects design with four conditions: A: Classic audio guide B: Adaptive narrative +3 more | SMI Eye Tracking Glasses | SMI Experiment Suite for gaze data collection and analysis Cesium for 3D heatmap visualization and spatial cognition analysis SPSS for statistical analysis | ||||
Li et al. (2015) An Interactive Radial Visualization of Geoscience Observation Data | Yes | 10 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Comparative Analysis +2 more | Within-subjects design | Tobii T60 XL | Tobii Studio for eye-tracking data analysis Vismate Custom Logging System for interaction data and user feedback | ||||
Li et al. (2017) An interactive visualization approach to the overview of geoscience data | Yes | 10 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Comparative Analysis +2 more | Within-subjects design | Tobii T60 XL | Tobii Studio for eye-tracking data analysis Vismate Custom Logging System for interaction data and user feedback | ||||
Liao et al. (2016) Exploring differences of visual attention in pedestrian navigation when using 2D maps and 3D geo-browsers | Yes | 20 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Comparative Analysis +2 more | Between-subjects design | Tobii T60 | Tobii Studio for eye-tracking data analysis Google Maps JavaScript API for 2D map navigation Google Earth for 3D geo-browser navigation | ||||
Liao et al. (2022) Toward Gaze-Based Map Interactions: Determining the Dwell Time and Buffer Size for the Gaze-Based Selection of Map Features | Yes | 38 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Comparative Analysis +2 more | Within-subjects desig | Tobii Eye Tracker 4C | Tobii Interactor APIs for gaze tracking and interaction data collection Custom Testing Platform built using C# and ESRI ArcObjects 10.2 ANOVA and Pairwise Comparisons for statistical analysis | ||||
Manson et al. (2012) Using Eye-tracking and Mouse Metrics to Test Usability of Web Mapping Navigation | Yes | 54+10 | Eye-tracking Mouse Tracking Usability Testing +2 more | Within-subjects design | Tobii x50 | Tobii Studio for eye-tracking data analysis Custom Web Mapping Application built with Google Maps-like Interface for navigation tasks Two-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA for statistical analysis | ||||
May and Gamble (2014) Collocating Interface Objects: Zooming into Maps | Yes | 26+25+12 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Comparative Analysis +2 more | Within-subjects design | SensoMotoric Instruments iView X | SensoMotoric Instruments iView X for eye-tracking data collection BeGaze for AOI analysis and gaze transition analysis RealBasic for custom map interface implementation +1 more | ||||
Napieralski et al. (2014) An evaluation of immersive viewing on spatial knowledge acquisition in spherical panoramic environments | Yes | 27 | Gaze Judgments Usability Testing vs. desktop viewing) Spatial Knowledge Acquisition Analysis +2 more | Between-subjects design | Not applicable | Custom System Built on Google Street View API for immersive and desktop navigation Circular Statistics for spatial updating analysis ANOVA and Multiple Regression for statistical analysis | ||||
Nisiforou et al. (2014) Using eye tracking to understand the impact of cognitive abilities on search tasks | Yes | 16 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Comparative Analysis, field independent, and field mixed cognitive styles) +2 more | Within-subjects design | SMI iViewX | BeGaze 3.1 for eye-tracking data analysis SPSS for statistical analysis ViCRAM Algorithm for calculating visual complexity scores of web pages | ||||
Nivala et al. (2008) Usability Evaluation of Web Mapping Sites | Yes | 8+16 | Usability Testing Expert Evaluations User Testing +2 more | Mixed methods design | Not applicable | Video Recording for user tests Qualitative Coding for categorizing usability problems | ||||
Ooms et al. (2010) analysing eye movement patterns to improve map design | Yes | 14 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Qualitative Analysis +1 more | Within-subjects design | Eye Link 1000 | Visual Analytics Toolkit for scanpath visualization and analysis Qualitative Clustering for aggregating and summarizing eye movement data | ||||
Ooms et al. (2012a) Interpreting maps through the eyes of expert and novice users | Yes | 16+15 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Comparative Analysis +2 more | Between-subjects design | EyeLink 1000 | EyeLink Data Viewer for eye-tracking data collection and analysis Qualitative Clustering for aggregating and summarizing eye movement data ANOVA and MANOVA for statistical analysis | ||||
Ooms et al. (2012b) Investigating the Effectiveness of an Efficient Label Placement Method Using Eye Movement Data | Yes | 30 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Comparative Analysis +2 more | Within-subjects design | EyeLink 1000 | EyeLink Data Viewer for eye-tracking data collection and analysis Qualitative Clustering for aggregating and summarizing eye movement data ANOVA and MANOVA for statistical analysis | ||||
Opach and Nossum (2011) EVALUATING THE USABILITY OF CARTOGRAPHIC ANIMATIONS WITH EYE MOVEMENT ANALYSIS | Yes | 10 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Comparative Analysis +2 more | Within-subjects design | Tobii X120 | Tobii Studio for eye-tracking data collection and AOI analysis Heat Maps and Gaze Plots for visualizing attention patterns Statistical Analysis for fixation counts, observation length, and time to first fixation | ||||
Opach et al. (2014) How Do People View Multi-Component Animated Maps? | Yes | 23 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Comparative Analysis +2 more | Within-subjects design | Tobii X120 | Tobii Studio for eye-tracking data collection and AOI analysis Heat Maps and Gaze Plots for visualizing attention patterns Temporal Analysis for fixation durations and attention allocation | ||||
Peng and Liao (2016) Evaluation of interactive data visualization tools based on gaze and mouse tracking | Yes | 19 | Eye-tracking Mouse Tracking Quantitative Usability Testing +2 more | Within-subjects design | Eye Tribe | OGAMA for data collection and analysis Sequence Analysis for comparing user sequences with optimal sequences Edit Distance Calculation for evaluating operational efficiency +1 more | ||||
Popelka et al. (2019a) User Evaluation of Map-Based Visual Analytic Tools | Yes | 17 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Qualitative Analysis +1 more | Within-subjects design | SMI RED 250 | SMI Experiment Center for experiment design SMI BeGaze for data analysis and AOI metrics OGAMA for static part analysis +1 more | ||||
Popelka et al. (2019b) Eye-tracking Evaluation of Weather Web Maps | Yes | 34 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Think-Aloud Protocol +2 more | Within-subjects design | SMI RED 250 | SMI Experiment Center for experiment design SMI BeGaze for data analysis and AOI metrics OGAMA for static part analysis +1 more | ||||
Popelka et al. (2022) Swipe versus multiple view: a comprehensive analysis using eye-tracking to evaluate user interaction with web maps | Yes | 25 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Comparative Analysis +2 more | Within-subjects design | SMI RED 250 | SMI Experiment Center for experiment design SMI BeGaze for data analysis and AOI metrics Sequence Chart and ScanGraph for analysing viewing strategies | ||||
Putra and Ogata (2022) NAVIGATING THROUGH GOOGLE MAPS USING AN EYE-GAZE INTERFACE SYSTEM | Yes | 5 | Eye-tracking Joystick-Like Controls Usability Testing +2 more | Within-subjects design | Wearable Eye-Tracking Device | OpenCV for image processing and eye-gaze tracking Python for system implementation and data analysis Google Maps API for navigation and map interactions | ||||
Qiao and Wu (2024) An exploratory tag map for attributes-in-space tasks | Yes | 50 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Comparative Analysis +2 more | Between-subjects design | Desktop Eye Tracker | SMI Experiment Center for experiment design SMI BeGaze for data analysis and AOI metrics Sequence Chart and ScanGraph for analysing viewing strategies | ||||
Qvarfordt et al. (2005) RealTourist - A study of augmenting human-human and human-computer dialogue with eye-gaze overlay | Yes | 12 | Eye-tracking Usability Testing Qualitative Analysis +2 more | Within-subjects design | Tobii ET-17 | Custom Toolkit for playback, annotation, transcription, and gaze analysis Speech-Gaze Transcription Graphs for qualitative analysis of gaze-speech interaction patterns | ||||
Roth (2015) Interactivity and Cartography: A Contemporary Perspective on User Interface and User Experience Design from Geospatial Professionals | No | 21 | Semi-structured interviews | Not applicable | Not applicable | Transana QDA, Microsoft Excel | ||||
Roth et al. (2015) User-Centered Design for Interactive Maps: A Case Study in Crime Analysis | No | NaN | User-Centered Design process, including needs assessment interviews, expert-based think-aloud studies, and online surveys | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not explicitly mentioned, but likely involved web analytics tools for online surveys and qualitative analysis tools for think-aloud studies | ||||
Rzeszewski and Kotus (2019) Usability and usefulness of internet mapping platforms in participatory spatial planning | Yes | 30 | Usability testing experiment with eye-tracking and Concurrent Thinking Aloud protocol | Between-subjects design | Tobii X-60 | Heatmap visualization, System Usability Scale, Cognitive Load Scale, Nearest Neighbor Index for clustering analysis | ||||
Saint-Marc et al. (2017) User testing of dynamic geovisualizations: lessons learned and possible improvements for cartographic experiments | Yes | 22 | User testing experiment with interactive and animated geovisualizations | Within-subjects design | Not used, but interaction logs were recorded for analysis | Undertracks software for interaction logs, chi-square test, ANOVA, linear regression | ||||
Santos-Torres et al. (2018) Exploring interaction mechanisms for map interfaces in virtual reality environments | Yes | 12 | Usability testing experiment comparing body-based and device-based interaction in Virtual Reality for map interfaces | Within-subjects design | Not used | Unity 5.4, t-test for statistical analysis, SUS questionnaire | ||||
Siirtola and Räihä (2011) Using gaze data in evaluating interactive visualizations | Yes | NaN | Eye-tracking experiment with usability evaluation of interactive visualizations using Parallel Coordinate Explorer | Within-subjects design | Not specified | Heatmaps for fixation visualization Balloon plots for AOI analysis using R Transition graphs using Graphviz | ||||
Slomska (2018) Types of maps used as a stimuli in cartographical empirical research | No | NaN | Systematic review and meta-analysis of empirical studies in cartography focusing on map stimuli used in experiments | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not explicitly mentioned, but systematic review methods and data synthesis techniques were used | ||||
Spur et al. (2020) Visualizing multilayered geospatial data in virtual reality to assess public lighting | Yes | 26 | Usability testing with immersive Virtual Reality and eye-tracking for evaluating multilayered geovisualizations in public lighting assessment | Within-subjects design comparing three Multiple and Coordinated View systems in VR: Blitting: Displaying one layer at a time, switching interactively Grid: Simultaneously displaying all layers in a grid layout +1 more | HTC Vive HMD with SMI binocular eye-tracking device | Unity 3D game engine for VR environment Mapbox for geospatial data integration Raycasting for gaze tracking and data layer analysis +1 more | ||||
Šašinka et al. (2017) The Hypothesis Platform: An Online Tool for Experimental Research into Work with Maps and Behavior in Electronic Environments | Yes | 43 | Experimental usability testing using the Hypothesis platform with integrated eye-tracking and event logging for interactive maps and electronic environments | Between-subjects design with two groups: Control group: Standard topographic maps Experimental group: Contextual transport maps adapting to user activity | The Eyetribe eye-tracker with Ogama software | Hypothesis platform for data logging and task administration Ogama for eye-tracking data analysis IBM SPSS for statistical analysis +1 more | ||||
Torrens and Kim (2024) Evoking embodiment in immersive geosimulation environments | Yes | 22 | Experimental usability testing using immersive Virtual Reality with integrated eye-tracking and geosimulation for road-crossing behaviour analysis | Within-subjects design | HTC Vive Pro with SMI binocular eye-tracking device | Unity3D for immersive geosimulation and VR interactions Ray-tracing for gaze tracking and data layer analysis Analysis of variance for statistical evaluation of gaze data and user behaviours +1 more | ||||
Woodworth et al (2020) Designing Tools To Improve Collaborative Interaction in a VR Environment for Teaching Geosciences Interpretation | Yes | 5 | Experimental usability testing with collaborative Virtual Reality using eye-tracking and interactive geovisualizations for educational geoscience interpretation | Within-subjects design | HTC Vive Eye with integrated eye-tracking | Unity3D for VR interactions and geovisualization Eye-tracking data used for gaze trails and attention indicators Informal usability feedback through think-aloud protocol and post-session questionnaires | ||||
Wu et al. (2022) Designing Metaphorical Multivariate Symbols to Optimize Dockless Bike Sharing | Yes | 75 | Experimental usability testing with eye-tracking and questionnaire techniques for metaphorical multivariate symbols | Between-subjects design | Desktop eye-tracker | Eye-tracking metrics: Fixation count, percentage of fixations in AOIs, total saccade number, pupil diameter changes Statistical analysis: ANOVA for effectiveness, efficiency, and cognitive load evaluation | ||||
Zagata et al. (2024) Impact of the mini-map on the interpretation of spatial situations in the virtual geographical space of a video game | Yes | 60 | Experimental usability testing using eye-tracking and statistical analysis of mini-map usage in virtual geographical space within the video game League of Legends | Between-subjects design | Tobii X2-60 | Tobii Studio 3.4 for eye-tracking data collection PQStat for statistical analysis | ||||
Zhang et al. (2022) The effect of color coding and layout coding on users’ visual search on mobile map navigation icons | Yes | 30 | Experimental usability testing using eye-tracking and statistical analysis of color and layout coding on mobile map navigation icons | Mixed design | EyeLink1000 desktop eye tracker with a 1,000 Hz sampling frequency | Experiment Builder for experiment control DataViewer for eye movement data collection SPSS for statistical analysis | ||||
Zhang et al. (2023) Evaluating the Usability of a Gaze-Adaptive Approach for Identifying and Comparing Raster Values between Multilayers | Yes | 31 | Experimental usability testing using gaze-adaptive approaches and eye-tracking for raster value identification and comparison across multilayers | Within-subjects design | Tobii Eye Tracker 5 | Tobii Interactor APIs for gaze data collection Python for data processing and analysis SPSS v26 for statistical analysis +1 more | ||||
Zhang et al. (2025) Evaluating the performance of gaze interaction for map target selection | Yes | 36 | Experimental usability testing using gaze interaction and eye-tracking for map target selection | Within-subjects design | Tobii Eye Tracker 5 | Tobii Interactor APIs for gaze data collection Esri ArcObjects 10.2 for map interaction platform SPSS v26 for statistical analysis +1 more | ||||
Zhou et al. (2023) QAVA-DPC: Eye-Tracking Based Quality Assessment and Visual Attention Dataset for Dynamic Point Cloud in 6 DoF | Yes | 40 | Experimental usability testing using eye-tracking and subjective quality assessment for Dynamic Point Cloud in Virtual Reality | Within-subjects desig | HTC Vive Pro Eye with built-in eye-tracking | Unity 3D for VR interaction and visualization SRanipal SDK for eye-tracking data collection SteamVR Plugin and OpenXR Plugin for VR environment integration +3 more |
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